Genetic Variation in Sea Beet and Cytoplasmic Male Sterility

Greg Howard
24th September, 2025

Genetic Variation in Sea Beet and Cytoplasmic Male Sterility

Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima)

Photo adapted from: Dave Shenton / CC BY (Source)

Key Findings

  • Sea beet (a wild relative of beets) populations in Europe show varying levels of mitochondrial genetic diversity, with the study focusing on Mediterranean and Atlantic regions
  • Most sea beet populations maintain high mitochondrial polymorphism, indicated by a diverse range of mitotypes (typically 8-15 per region), suggesting ongoing genetic variation
  • Danish sea beet uniquely exhibits mitochondrial monomorphism (only one mitotype) and lacks CMS-associated mitochondria, challenging the idea that high polymorphism always indicates CMS presence
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a naturally occurring phenomenon in plants where they lose the ability to produce pollen, making them useful in creating hybrid crops[1]. Hybrid crops often exhibit higher yields and improved characteristics, but producing them requires controlling which plants can reproduce, and CMS provides a method for this control. However, CMS isn’t found in all crops, so identifying new sources of CMS within wild relatives of crops is an ongoing effort. A key question is whether there are indicators that a plant population is likely to contain CMS-associated mitochondria – the cellular structures responsible for energy production and, in the case of CMS, male sterility. Researchers at Hokkaido University, Hokkaido Information University, and Al Muthanna University investigated the idea that populations with CMS tend to have higher levels of mitochondrial polymorphism – meaning a greater variety of different mitochondrial genetic forms within the population. This theory stems from the unique genetics of mitochondria, which have their own DNA separate from the plant’s main genome. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited solely from the mother, doesn’t undergo typical genetic shuffling (recombination), and exists in multiple copies within each cell[2]. These characteristics mean that mitochondrial DNA can accumulate variation over time. The study focused on sea beet (Beta vulgaris), a species known to harbor CMS, as a model system. The researchers began by analyzing publicly available mitochondrial DNA sequences from 270 sea beet plants. They used a technique called network analysis to visualize the relationships between these sequences, identifying patterns of genetic similarity and difference. The resulting network was complex, but revealed two main groupings: haplotypes – sets of genetic markers – from the Mediterranean region were spread throughout the network, while those from the Atlantic coast tended to cluster together. This supported the idea that sea beet originated in the Mediterranean and later spread to the Atlantic coast. To further investigate mitochondrial polymorphism, the team analyzed four specific locations on the mitochondrial DNA called minisatellites. These minisatellites contain repeating DNA sequences that vary in number between individuals, making them useful for distinguishing different mitochondrial forms, or mitotypes. Analyzing these minisatellites across 973 sea beet plants from 172 different accessions (plant collections) revealed 29 distinct mitotypes. The results showed surprisingly high levels of mitochondrial polymorphism (~0.87) in both the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions, despite genetic differences between these populations. Most subregions within these areas contained a diverse range of mitotypes, typically between 8 and 15. However, a striking exception was found in Denmark, where only a single mitotype was detected among 139 plants from 11 accessions. This lack of mitochondrial diversity in Danish sea beet is particularly interesting. The researchers found that this single Danish mitotype was not associated with CMS, suggesting that this population may lack the CMS-associated mitochondria altogether. This finding challenges the initial hypothesis that increased mitochondrial polymorphism is a reliable indicator of CMS presence. Plant mitochondria possess unique characteristics compared to those of mammals, including a larger genome and a complex system for processing their RNA[3]. Furthermore, in Brassicaceae crops, CMS is a maternally inherited trait dependent on interactions between mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes controlling fertility restoration[4]. The current study builds on this understanding by exploring the genetic diversity within mitochondria, aiming to identify patterns that could predict CMS presence. The results suggest that while high mitochondrial polymorphism may be common in CMS-containing populations, its absence doesn’t necessarily rule out the possibility of CMS elsewhere, and that other factors are likely involved in the emergence and maintenance of CMS.

GeneticsEcologyPlant Science

References

Main Study

1) Mitochondrial polymorphism of sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima), a species with cytoplasmic male sterility

Published 23rd September, 2025

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332940

Related Studies

2) Mitochondrial genetics, signalling and stress responses.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-025-01625-w

3) Plant mitochondria - past, present and future.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15495

4) Cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassicaceae crops.

https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.64.38


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